Phonons are collective atomic vibrations, or quasiparticles, that act as the main heat carriers in a crystal lattice. Under certain circumstances, their properties can be modified by electric fields or light. But until now, nobody noticed they can respond to magnetic fields as well, perhaps because it takes a powerful magnet.
Scientists at Rice University, led by physicist Junichiro Kono and postdoctoral researcher Andrey Baydin, triggered this unexpected effect in a totally nonmagnetic semiconducting crystal of lead and tellurium (PbTe). They exposed the crystal to a strong magnetic field and found they could manipulate the material’s ‘soft’ optical phonon mode.
Unlike acoustic phonons, which can be understood as atoms moving in sync and produce sound waves and influence a material’s thermal conductivity, optical phonons can be understood as neighboring atoms oscillating in opposite directions and can be excited by light. Hence, the ‘optical’ tag.
These latest experiments revealed PbTe’s phononic magnetic circular dichroism, a phenomenon by which left-handed magnetic fields excite right-handed phonons and vice versa, under relatively low (9 Tesla) magnetic fields. (By comparison, a refrigerator magnet is 5 milliTesla, or 45,000 times weaker.)
Pumping the field to 25 Tesla prompted the crystal to Zeeman splitting, in which spectral lines separate like light through a prism but in a magnetic field, a critical feature in nuclear magnetic resonance devices. The lines also exhibited an overall shift with the magnetic field. The scientists reported that these effects were much stronger than expected by theory.
“This work reveals a new way of controlling phonons,” Kono said of the study, which is reported in a paper in Physical Review Letters. “Nobody expected that phonons can be controlled by a magnetic field, because phonons usually don't respond to magnetic fields at all unless the crystal is magnetic.”
This discovery was made possible by RAMBO (the Rice Advanced Magnet with Broadband Optics), a tabletop spectrometer in Kono’s lab that allows materials to be cooled and exposed to high magnetic fields. Hitting the crystal with lasers allowed the researchers to track the motion and behavior of electrons and atoms inside the material.
In this case, the alternating atoms react differently under the set of conditions – low temperature, magnetized and triggered by terahertz waves – imposed by RAMBO. The spectrometer senses the phonons’ absorption of polarized light.
“The magnetic field forces these ions to oscillate in a circular orbit,” said Baydin. “The result is that the effective magnetic moment of these phonons is very large.
“There are no resonant interactions between phonons and electrons in high magnetic fields, so it’s impossible that electrons caused the magnetic response of phonons. What’s surprising is that the phonons themselves seem to be directly responding to the magnetic field, which people hadn’t seen before and didn’t think was possible.”
According to Kono, the applications of this discovery remain to be seen, but he suspects it will be of interest to quantum technologists. “I think this surprising discovery has long-term implications in quantum phononics because now there’s a way to control phonons using a magnetic field,” he said.
This story is adapted from material from Rice University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.
Rice’s Andrey Baydin prepares to run an experiment at RAMBO, a tabletop spectrometer that allows materials to be cooled and exposed to high magnetic fields. Photo: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University.